Anaphylactic shock: a review of the pathophysiology and therapeutic management

Abstract

Introduction: Anaphylactic shock is a severe allergic reaction that can occur rapidly and be life-threatening. Understanding it is crucial for medical care, especially in settings where medications are administered or procedures are performed that can trigger allergic reactions.
Objective: To review the etiological, pathophysiological, clinical, and therapeutic features of anaphylactic shock.
Development: The most common causes of anaphylactic shock include allergies to food, insect stings, medications, and latex. Pathophysiologically, it is characterized by massive release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine, leading to vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and bronchoconstriction. Clinically, it presents with symptoms such as urticaria, edema, respiratory distress, and hypotension. Diagnosis is based on clinical history and symptom presentation. Immediate treatment includes the administration of adrenaline, which acts as a vasoconstrictor and bronchodilator, and may be followed by antihistamines and corticosteroids.
Conclusions: Anaphylactic shock is a medical emergency that requires immediate recognition and treatment. Education and preparation of medical personnel are essential to ensure an appropriate response to this condition. Early identification of triggers can prevent future episodes and improve patient outcomes.